CSL Newsletter: 2009

Thursday, June 11, 2009

Publications by and for Canadianists

Publications by and for Canadianists

Carol Shields: Evocation and Echo. Edited by Aritha van Herk and Conny Steenman-Marcusse, 2009, Barkhuis, Canada series, 146 pages. ISBN: 9789077922514. For more information, visit Website http://www.barkhuis.nl/product_info.php?products_id=90.

First Nations First Thoughts The Impact of Indigenous Thought in Canada. Written by Annis May Thompson, 2009, UBC Press, 336 pages. ISBN: 9780774815512. For more information, visit website http://www.ubcpress.ca/search/title_book.asp?BookID=299172437.

The Last Best West: An Exploration of Myth, Identity, & Quality of Life in Western Canada. Written by Anne Gagnon, W. F. Garrett-Pett and James Hoffman, New Star Books, 2009, 256 pages. ISBN: 9781554200443. For more information, visit Website http://www.newstarbooks.com/book.php?book_id=155420044X.

Leensok letoch haor hachi chazak: Mevchar shirim (Fly Off into the Strongest Light: Selected Poems). Written by Seymour Mayne, translated in Hebrew by Moshe Dor, Tel Aviv: Keshev Publishing House 2009, 127 pages. ISBN: 978-965-531-023-8. For more information, visit Website http://www.poetry.org.il/pages/book.asp (in Hebrew only).

La fugueuse et ses avatars dans l’œuvre romanesque de Suzanne Jacob. Written by Aleksandra Grzybowska, 2009, Presses de l’Université de Silésie, 270 pages. ISBN: 978-83-226-1839-4. For more information, visit Website https://wydawnictwo.us.edu.pl/?q=node/1215.

Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758-1875), l'impossible ré-intégration. Written by Jean-François Mouhot, 2009, Les éditions du Septentrion, 456 pages. ISBN: 2-89448-513-1. For more information, visit website http://www.septentrion.qc.ca/catalogue/livre.asp?id=2510.

PUBLICATIONS BY AND FOR CANADIANISTS
Breve Historia de Canadá. Desde la colonia hasta la actualidad. By Cristina Lucchini. Siglo XXI Editora Iberoamericana – Argentina, 2009. 432 p. ISBN 978-987-1013-71-5.
Trayectorias Culturales Latinoamericanas : Medios, Literatura y Globalización. By Patrick Imbert. Colección Canadá Québec. Buenos Aires : Galerna 2009. ISBN 978-950-556-545-0. 303 p.
Comment comparer le Canada avec les États-Unis aujourd’hui: enjeux et pratiques, Hélène Quanquin, Christine Lorre-Johnston and Sandrine Ferré-Rode (Dirs), Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle: Paris. 2009. 278 p. ISBN 9-782878-544572. Site web: http://psn.univ-paris3.fr/.
Angels of Snow. An Anthology of Modern English-Canadian Poetry, Edited by James Steele, Wei Li and Juang Zhigang, translation into Chinese of English-Canadian poems with an introduction and notes. Inner Mongolia University Press. ISBN 978-7-81115-490-0.
Synergies Inde. Inde – Québec : Regards croisés et rencontres francophones. Revue du GERFLINT. Mumbai 2008. ISSN : 1951-6436. Web : http://gerflint.forumpro.fr/. 192 p.
Zeitchrift für Kanada-Studien. 29. Jahrgang 2009, Heft 1. Ingrid Neumann-Holzshuh, Wilfried von Bredow and H. Peter Dörrenbächer. Wissner-Verlag, Augsburg. GKS journal, ISSN 0944-7008. 182 p.
E9-422 Un Inuit de la toundra à la guerre de Corée. Written by Eddy Weetaltuk, Carnets nord, 2009, 250 pages. ISBN: 978-2-35536-025-1. For more information, visit website http://www.carnetsnord.fr/recherche.

Publications by and for Canadianists
Eidôlon, n°80/déc. 2007 - 1985-2005 : vingt années d'écriture migrante au Québec. Les voies d'une herméneutique
Edited by Marie-Lyne Piccione and Marc Arino, 2008, Presses universitaires de Bordeaux, 242 pages. ISBN: 978-2-903440-80-0. For further details, visit website http://www.lcdpu.fr/livre/?GCOI=27000100328550&fa=details.
200 femmes de l’histoire – Des origines à nos jours
Written by Yannick Resch, 2009, Eyrolles, 230 pages. ISBN: 978-2-212-54291-2. For further details, visit website http://www.eyrolles.com/Loisirs/Livre/200-femmes-de-l-histoire-9782212542912.
Carol Shields: Evocation and Echo
Edited by Aritha van Herk and Conny Steenman-Marcusse, 2009, Barkhuis, 146 pages. ISBN: 978-9-077-92251-4. For more information, visit Website http://www.barkhuis.nl/product_info.php?products_id=90 or send an email to canlit@xs4all.nl.
First Nations, First Thoughts – The Impact of Indigenous Thoughts on Canada
Written by Annis May Thompson, 2009, UBC Press, 336 pages. ISBN: 978-0-774-81551-2. For more information, visit website http://www.ubcpress.com/search/title_book.asp?BookID=299172437.
L’absence de partis nationaux : menace ou opportunité ?
Edited by Jean-Benoît Pilet, Jean-Michel De Waele and Serge Jaumain, 2009, Éditions de l’Université de Bruxelles, 200 pages. ISBN: 978-2-8004-1448-5. For more information, visit website http://www.editions-universite-bruxelles.be/ABWebBuilder.php?page=/catalogue/detail/,action=abcataloguedetail;displayouvrage;2192.

CANADIAN STUDIES NEWS

CANADIAN STUDIES NEWS
MINORITÉS CULTURELLES AU CANADA : EXPRESSIONS, TERRITOIRES – CALL FOR PAPERS
The 2010 annual colloquium of the Association française d’études canadiennes (AFEC) will be held in Avignon, France from June 10th to 12th, 2010. Proposals for communications are invited on the subject of cultural minorities in Canada, i.e. minorities that single themselves from the majority through appearances, attitudes and behaviours. The colloquium’s organizers foster a multidisciplinary perspective. Proposals must be sent by October 31st, 2009, by email to patrice.brasseur@univ-avignon.fr . For more information, visit website http://www.afec33.asso.fr/, or send an email to Mr. Brasseur at the above mentioned email address.
SHASTRI INDO-CANADIAN INSTITUTE – NEW FUNDING OPPORTUNITIES
Please note that the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute now offers three new funding opportunities to its Canadian members, intended to facilitate events that incorporate visiting lecturers from India. They are the Lester Person Memorial Lecture award worth $10,000 CDN, the Kanta Marwah Lecture Series award worth $1,700 CDN and the Nominate An Indian Visiting Lecturer Award. For more information, visit website http://www.sici.org/programmes/for-canadians/ or send an email to Ms. Sarah Hawkins at sarah.hawkins@ucalgary.ca .
NORTH BY NORTHWEST, SOUTH BY SOUTHWEST – CANADA & THE UNITED STATES: PAST, PRESENT & FUTURE – CONFERENCE
Please note that the 20th ACSUS (Association for Canadian Studies in United States) Biennial Conference will be held from November 18th to 22nd, 2009, at the Westin Gaslamp, San Diego, California, U.S. The ACSUS Biennial conference, established in 1971, is the leading international academic event focusing on Canada and its relationship with the United States, North America, and the world. All conference participants (ACSUS members and non-members) must pre-register by August 21, 2009 to reserve their place on the program. For more information, visit website http://www.acsus.org/display.cfm?id=275&Sub=431 , or send an email to info@acsus.org .
BRAZIL CANADA: DIVERSITY AND COLLECTIVE IMAGINARY DIALOGUES BETWEEN AMERICAS – CONFERENCE
Please take note that ABECAN (Brazilian Association for Canadian Studies) 10th International Conference will be held from November 17th to 20th, 2009, at the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil. To download the conference program or to register, visit website http://congresso2009.abecan.org.br/en/index.php , or send an email to or send an email to congresso2009@abecan.org.br ..

SHASTRI INDO-CANADIAN INSTITUTE – NEW PROGRAMME DEADLINES
Please take note that of the following new deadlines for the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute’s programme: India Studies Fellowships (for Canadians): June 30th, 2009; Scholar Travel Subsidy Grants (for Indians and Canadians): July 15th, 2009 & February 15th, 2010; Millennium Development Goals Research Grant (for Indians and Canadians): August 31st, 2009; Partnership Development Seed Grants (for Indians and Canadians): September 30th, 2009; Student Excellence Awards (for Canadians): October 30th, 2009; Lal Bahadur Shastri Student Prizes (for Canadians): January 15th, 2010. The Shastri Institute is also pleased to announce that all application materials for the above mentioned programmes are now available. For more information, visit Website http://www.sici.org/newsletter/preview/1212/#nla_01.

NEW CANADIAN STUDIES CENTRE IN CUBA
On May 20th, 2009, a new Canadian Studies centre was inaugurated, as a result of a ministerial decision, at the Universidad Hermanos Saíz. Mr. Marc-Antoine Dumas, second secretary at the Canadian Embassy in Cuba along with representatives of the Instituto Cubano de Amistad con los Pueblos (ICAP) were presents for the occasion. It is the seventh center of its kind to open in Cuba. For more information, visit website http://www.juventudrebelde.cu/buscador.php?palaclav=Crean+C%E1tedra+de+Estudios+Canadienses+en+la+Universidad+Hermanos+Sa%EDz, or send an email to digital@jrebelde.cip.cu.

Tuesday, June 2, 2009

Todays Headlines from Canada

Monday, 3 August 2009

Karlheinz Schreiber deported from Canada Canada Dot Com
Schreiber being extradited from Canada to Germany The Guardian
Canada, Italy brawl at basketball 'friendly' CBC
Smugglers in Canada can easily get helicopters MSNBC
Storm causes stage collapse at country music festival in Canada, killing 1, injuring 75 Star Tribune
Greying Canada to turn job market upside-down National Post
Earl Jones in Canada, fears for his safety: lawyer Canada Dot Com

Tuesday, 21st July 2009
Boards, Expands by Launching in Canada PR Newswire
Canada forest fires force thousands to flee Inquirer
Media Advisory: Governments of Canada and Ontario Make Infrastructure Announcement Marketwire
Extenway: Included in the Tech 100 of Canada's Top Tech Companies by Market Cap, as Established by Canadian Business Magazine Marketwire
Government of Canada Launches National Consultations on Copyright Modernization Marketwire
Media Advisory: Government of Canada Supports Canada's Most Promising Researchers Marketwire
WINNIPEG, Care needed with use of slots: Air Canada union Canada Dot Com

Friday 10th July 2009

Canada's $14B auto industry puzzle Canada Dot Com
July 9: Canada prohibits slavery, Clinton chooses Gore as running mate The Examiner
Canada examines cancer risks of diabetes drug Yahoo Daily News
Davis Cup tennis playoff draw set as Canada gets ready to face Peru Yahoo Daily News
Senate votes to permit lower cost drug imports from Canada Star Tribune
Canada worst on climate change - WWF, Allianz Independent online (SA)
Media Advisory: U.S. and Canada Border Management Policy Presented by Christopher Sands at CIC Luncheon Marketwire
NAV CANADA announces third quarter financial results Canada Newswire
Canada to top G7 in capital investment: report Canada Dot Com
Roz Weston of Entertainment Tonight Canada announced as Co-Host of the KiSS 92.5 Morning Show Canada Newswire

Thursday 25th June 2009
Canada primary source of ecstasy in drug trade: reportWorldwide export of illegal amphetamines also growing Canada Dot Com
Green group asks US to bar Canada oil sands The Times of India
Canada coming out of recession, OECD says Canoe
Illegal drugs: Canada's growing international market CBC
Knee injury sidelines Canada's Heil CBC
Is Canada's housing market tanking or taking off? Canada Dot Com
Canada a 'primary' source of Ecstasy, meth: UN report \National Post
Canada major player in illegal drug trade Canoe
H1N1 flu death toll rises in Canada Canada Dot Com
Note to Editors: Public Health Agency of Canada Marketwire
Canada's Economic Action Plan at work in British Columbia Canada Newswire
Canada rejects UN human rights recommendations Canada Dot Com
Canada needs more drones for security missions Canada Dot Com

Wednesday, May 27, 2009

Canada supporting Health Care in War-Affected Sudan

Anonymous. Marketwire. Toronto: May 22, 2009.
CALGARY, ALBERTA--(Marketwire - May 22, 2009) - Member of Parliament for Calgary East, Deepak Obhrai today announced the Government of Canada will be supporting a group of Sudanese-Canadian doctors who will improve the health of up to 500,000 people in war-affected communities in rural south Sudan.
"Canada is committed to assisting people most affected by the crises in Sudan," stated Mr. Obhrai, who made the announcement on behalf of the Honourable Beverley J. Oda, Minister of International Cooperation. "This project will improve access to proper health care for so many people in desperate need."
The Southern Sudanese Healthcare Accessibility, Rehabilitation, and Education Project (SSHARE), aims to increase access to basic community health services for returnees and existing residents in Sudan. The project will support a group of 11 Sudanese-Canadian physicians, rehabilitating and equipping three health facilities, and providing vaccines to children in specific rural communities.
"Through improved health, we hope to enhance stability of war-affected communities in southern Sudan, thereby creating favourable conditions for a lasting peace," added Mr. Obhrai. "Canada plays a significant role helping to build peace and security in Sudan."
Canada has pledged almost $3 million to the three-year program, which will be implemented by the University of Calgary and Samaritan's Purse Canada, two established and trusted Canadian partners who have extensive experience in the region.
BACKGROUNDER
CANADA SUPPORTING HEALTH CARE IN WAR-AFFECTED SUDAN
The Government of Canada has pledged $2,999,005 through the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), over three years to support the Southern Sudanese Healthcare Accessibility, Rehabilitation, and Education Project (SSHARE). The project will be implemented by the University of Calgary and Samaritan's Purse Canada who have extensive experience and expertise in medical education, and relief and development. Samaritan's Purse Canada has proven capacity to provide necessary assistance with infrastructure rehabilitation and development, and the University of Calgary will offer ongoing medical training and support to medical personnel in the region.
Since 2005, the University of Calgary and Samaritan's Purse Canada have been involved in retraining a group of Sudanese-Canadian doctors to support them to return to Sudan and make a contribution to rebuilding their home country. As these physicians have returned to practice medicine in Sudan, they have found poorly maintained facilities with minimal equipment and supplies, a population with relatively little medical knowledge or understanding, and largely nonexistent medical education infrastructure to provide ongoing professional support.
The objective of the SSHARE Project is to increase access to basic community health services for returnees and existing residents. More specifically, the project aims to support a group of 11 physicians who will improve the health of up to 500,000 people in rural South Sudan, specifically in Jonglei State, by ensuring a minimum of 3 health facilities be rehabilitated and equipped to help serve a minimum of 50% of the population, 30% of births be attended by skilled professionals; and 60% of children under one year receive measles vaccination.
Expected activities of the project include design and delivery of hands-on medical training at medical camps; continuing medical education workshops, seminars, and long-distance learning opportunities; distribution of medical resources to physicians; teaching/mentoring of community leaders and medical service providers; provision of medical care to communities and outlying areas; and establishment of local health committees.
This project is consistent with CIDA's priority of supporting the return and reintegration of displaced populations by building healthcare capacities in rural areas in Southern Sudan. Likewise, this initiative also supports the Government of Canada's overarching goal of supporting peace and stability in Sudan.

Thursday, May 7, 2009

Canadian Studies News

BOOK LAUNCH ON CANADA AND ARGENTINA

To mark the 20th anniversary of ASAEC’s bilateral accords network, the Association for Canadian Studies in Argentina and the Centro Cultural Canada Córdoba are organising the “Historias Compartidas Argentina - Canadá” that will be held during the 35th Feria Internacional del Libro on May 7th, 2009. The book “Breve historia de Canadá. Desde la colonia hasta la actualidad (Siglo XXI)” written by Dr. Cristina Lucchini will be presented on the occasion. For more information, contact Dr. Lucchini by email at asaec@fibertel.com.ar.

ARGENTINEAN JOURNAL OF CANADIAN STUDIES - CALL FOR PAPERS

The Argentinean Journal of Canadian Studies (RAEC) an annual publication of the Argentinean Association of Canadian Studies (ASAEC), is a journal devoted to the publication and promotion of scientific works that contribute with significant knowledge on a given issue or that show novel and innovative methodologies and approaches. The editorial board is inviting proposals for papers in all fields of knowledge on Canada. Proposals must be submitted by May 30th, 2009. For more information, visit website http://asaec.com/info_pdf/Traducci%C3%B3n%20al%20Ingl%C3%A9s%20-%20Normas%20de%20publicaci%C3%B3n%20RAEC.pdf, or send an email to Graciela E. Verzino at gverzino@agro.uncor.edu or verzinog@yahoo.com.ar.

Wednesday, April 8, 2009

Article Alerts

Foreign direct investment
The Daily, Wednesday, April 8, 2009

Canadian direct investment abroad rose by 24% in 2008, largely the result of the substantially weaker Canadian dollar's effect in the fourth quarter of 2008 on the value of foreign currency-denominated direct investment positions. The depreciation of the Canadian dollar against most foreign currencies added $82.8 billion to the overall Canadian direct investment position abroad.

In 2008, the Canadian dollar lost ground (-19%) against the US dollar after reaching parity at the end of 2007. It also depreciated by 15% against the euro and 34% against the Japanese yen, but gained about 11% on the British pound.

The 24% gain in 2008 was the strongest growth in Canadian direct investment abroad since 1981. Most of the gains were accounted for by changes in the value of investments in the United States, as the direct investment position grew to $310.7 billion. Nevertheless, Canadian direct investments at the end of 2008 were spread over countries on all continents, with 39 countries having at least $1 billion in investment.

Note to readers
This is the annual release of detailed foreign direct investment position data. This release contains country detail for direct investment that is drawn from the annual survey. This information is not available at the time of the quarterly International investment position release.
Direct investment is a component of the international investment position that refers to investment of a resident entity in one country obtaining a lasting interest in an enterprise resident in another country. The lasting interest implies the existence of a long-term relationship between the direct investor and the enterprise, and a significant degree of influence by the investor on the management of the enterprise.
In practice, direct investment is deemed to occur when a company owns at least 10% of the voting equity in a foreign enterprise. This report presents the cumulative year-end positions for direct investment. In the Canadian statistics, direct investment is measured as the total value of equity, net long-term claims and net short-term claims held by the enterprise across the border.
Foreign direct investment is often channelled through intermediate holding companies or other legal entities before reaching its ultimate destination. Since these entities are generally in the financial sector, this sector accounts for a larger share on an immediate investor basis than if the ultimate destination were known. This is especially the case for Canadian direct investment abroad.
Currency valuation
The value of Canadian direct investment abroad is denominated in foreign currency and converted to Canadian dollars at the end of each period for which a year-end position is calculated. When the Canadian dollar is depreciating in value, the restatement of the value of direct investment abroad in Canadian dollars increases the recorded value. The opposite is true when the dollar is appreciating. Foreign direct investment in Canada is directly recorded in Canadian dollars and the fluctuation of the Canadian dollar has no impact on the recorded value.
Foreign direct investment in Canada grew by 3% in 2008. This was well below the average annual growth of 9% over the last decade, and reflected considerably slower investment activity in the year, especially from the United States. Foreign direct investment in Canada was more concentrated, with 22 countries having more than $1 billion in direct investment in Canada at the end of 2008.

Canadian direct investment abroad
Direct investment assets in the United States increased by $80.1 billion to $310.7 billion in 2008. The weaker Canadian currency relative to the US dollar added $52.5 billion to the Canadian direct investment position in that region. The share of investment in the United States increased for a second year, accounting for 49% of total direct investment abroad at the end of 2008. This was up significantly from 45% a year earlier.

However, the strengthened Canadian dollar against the British pound had an opposite effect on direct investment assets in United Kingdom. The value of Canadian direct investment in the United Kingdom fell $5.2 billion to $54.0 billion, although that country remained the second most popular destination for Canadian direct investment abroad.
Canadian direct investment increased in all other major European countries at the end of 2008. Canada's most significant European destinations of investment remained Ireland, with investments totalling $20.5 billion; France with $18.7 billion; Hungary, $10.8 billion; Germany, $10.5 billion; Switzerland, $9.1 billion, and the Netherlands, $8.4 billion.
Canadian direct investment in Caribbean countries remained high at the end of 2008. The total direct investment in Barbados, Bermuda and Cayman Islands increased to $86.5 billion. In the past few years, Canadian investors have directed growing amounts to these countries.
Canadian direct investors were also well represented in South America. At the end of the year, Canadian direct investment stood at $9.2 billion in Brazil and $6.4 billion in Chile.

Foreign direct investment in Canada
Foreign direct investments in Canada from the United States increased slightly at the end of 2008 to $293.6 billion. American investors still hold most of the direct investment in Canada at about 58%. However, this proportion has steadily declined over the past years and fell below 60% for the first time in 2008. It was at 60% at the end of 2007 and 67% 10 years earlier.

Three-quarters of the direct investments in Canada are from three countries — the United States, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands. The United Kingdom was the second largest direct investor country with 11% of the total, or $54.4 billion. The Netherlands stood at 7% or $33.9 billion.
Four other European countries were on the list of top nations with foreign direct investment in Canada in 2008. They were France with $18.5 billion; Switzerland, $15.3 billion; Germany, $9.4 billion; and Luxembourg, $5.7 billion.

Net direct investment position

The increase in the level of Canadian direct investment abroad led to a gain of $108.3 billion at the end of 2008 in Canada's net direct investment position (the difference between Canadian direct investment abroad and foreign direct investment in Canada). This was up sharply from $24.1 billion in 2007, and resulted in the largest recorded surplus on net direct investment position of $132.4 billion. This change was dominated by the swing in the net investment position in the United States.
For the first time, Canada's net direct investment position with the United States was a net asset position of $17.1 billion at the end of 2008, compared with a net liability of $62.1 billion a year earlier.
The nation's net direct investment position with the United Kingdom, Canada's second most important direct investment partner country also flipped, but in the other direction. It swung from a net asset position of $6.8 billion in 2007 to a net liability of $0.4 billion in 2008. This was the first Canadian deficit with the United Kingdom since 1993.
Available on CANSIM: table 376-0051.
Definitions, data sources and methods: survey number 1537.
For more information, or to order data, contact Client Services (613-951-1855; infobalance@statcan.gc.ca). To enquire about the methods, concepts or data quality of this release please contact Éric Simard (613-951-7244; eric.simard@statcan.gc.ca), Balance of Payments Division.
Table 1 Foreign direct investment positions at year end

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ABORIGINAL POPULATIONS IN CANADIAN CITIES: WHY ARE THEY GROWING SO FAST?

Eric Guimond, Norbert Robitaille, Sacha Senécal. Canadian Issues. Montreal: Winter 2009. pg. 11, 8 pgs

ABSTRACT/RÉSUMÉ
Urban Aboriginal populations have been growing very quickly over the past decade. For most observers, migration would be the main driver of this spectacular growth. But research has repeatedly shown that the idea of a "mass exodus" of Aboriginal populations from Indian reserves to Canadian cities is a myth. Since 1966, there have been more people moving to reserves than leaving. In fact, traditional components of demographic growth - fertility, mortality and migration - cannot account for all of the observed growth. With this analysis, we show how ethnic mobility, defined as changes in self-reporting of ethnicity, has been and is likely to continue to be an important component to the growth of Aboriginal populations in Canadian cities.

Les populations autochtones en milieu urbain ont augmenté très rapidement au cours de la dernière décennie. Pour la plupart des observateurs, la migration pourrait être la principale composante de cette croissance spectaculaire. Mais la recherche a démontré à plusieurs reprises que l'idée d'un « exode massif » des populations autochtones des réserves indiennes vers les villes du Canada est un mythe. Depuis 1966, un plus grand nombre de personnes ont emménagé dans des réserves que celles l'ayant quité. De fait, les composantes traditionnelles de la croissance démographique - la natalité, la mortalité et la migration - ne peuvent pas totalement expliquer la croissance observée. Cette analyse démontre comment la mobilité ethnique, définie comme des changements dans l'autodéclaration de l'ethnicité, a été et continue probablement à être une composante importante de la croissance des populations autochtones dans les villes du Canada.

Improper interpretation of demographic data can have severe detrimental effects on one's understanding of socioeconomic trends, as well as on the formulation of policies directed at those trends. Consider a hypothetical scenario where a surge in demand for social assistance in a community triggered by massive migration of unemployed people from nearby rural areas is mistakenly attributed to poor job market preparation and/ or postsecondary uptake among recent cohorts of high school graduates. In this scenario, policymakers would be oblivious to the root cause of the problem - lack of job opportunities in rural areas and policy responses "would be geared to an erroneous interpretation of circumstances that in fact do not exist." (Guimond 2008)

Urban Aboriginal Canadian populations have been growing very quickly over the past decade. For most observers, migration would be the main driver of this spectacular growth. But as with our hypothetical scenario, research has repeatedly shown that the idea of a "mass exodus" of Aboriginal populations from Indian reserves to Canadian cities is a myth, and that other factors are at play As researchers and Aboriginal community leaders continue their efforts to expand the foundation of knowledge regarding factors affecting Aboriginal well-being, it is crucial that these efforts be based on a sound demographic footing. This paper explores the phenomenon of urban Aboriginal population growth with the objective of separating myth from reality with respect to the factors contributing to the rapidly growing number of Aboriginal people in Canadian cities.

From 1996 to 2006, the overall Aboriginal population living in large Canadian cities1 increased from 221,295 to 366,165 persons, growing by more than 5% annually on average (Table 1). By comparison, the non-Aboriginal population grew by less than 2% annually over the course of this decade.

There is great variation in growth among Aboriginal identity groups.2 The North American Indian population, which accounts for more than half of the whole, rose from 129,700 persons in 1996 to 188,160 persons in 2006. While modest in comparison to the other groups, this pace of growth was nonetheless twice that registered by the nonAboriginal population. In contrast, the second largest urban Aboriginal group, the Métis, literally exploded, doubling in size from 79,785 in 1996 to 160,870 in 2006. Inuit and individuals of other Aboriginal identities also experienced rapid growth, but their numbers are small relatively speaking; these two groups account for less than 5% of the urban Aboriginal population in 2006.

Overall, the observed increases for the Métis population greatly exceeded a maximum of 5.5% per yea that is theoretically possible for a population subject only to the natural movement of births and deaths (see textbox); North American Indian population growth was slower but still close to that threshold. What follows is an examination of the various phenomena at work here, including an analysis of the contribution of each.

CONTRIBUTING FACTORS

NATURAL INCREASE
The natural increase of a population is the difference between the number of children born and the number of persons who die in a given period. If Aboriginal populations perpetuated themselves solely through births, then natural increase and the total increase would necessarily be equal. But as Chart 1 reveals, this is not the case. For all groups and both intercensal periods, the observed growth rate of Aboriginal populations largely exceeds their natural increase. With respect to the Métis which have experienced a spectacular urban population growth in the last decade, the overall growth rate (7.4%; 7.1%) is six to seven times higher than what their natural movement of births and deaths has contributed to (1.2%; 1.0%).
Clearly, while the Aboriginal populations have higher fertility than the non-Aboriginal population, this alone cannot explain their exceptional growth in Canadian cities.
MIGRATION
Migration from Indian reserves is often alluded to in explanations of urban Aboriginal population growth. However, contrary to popular belief, there is no mass exodus from Indian reserves and settlements; in fact, analysis of census data on place of residence five years ago indicates that, overall, there has been a net inflow to Indian reserves since 1966 (Clatworth and Norris 2003; Siggner 1977).
Analysis by Clatworthy and Norris (2003) of the 2001 census data show that the resulting impact of movement to and from Indian reserves between 1996 and 2001 is a positive net migration of +10,995 persons for these communities. For urban areas, the net migration is negative (-430 for urban CMAs; -4,095 for urban non-CMA areas), indicating that there are more Aboriginal people leaving the cities than moving to them for the 1996-2001 period. Preliminary analysis of 2006 census data indicates similar trends for the 2001-2006 period (Guimond and Robitalle 2008). Clearly, while Aboriginal populations are mobile, migration from Indian reserves and other rural communities does not explain the exceptional growth of the North American Indian and Métis populations in Canadian cities.
VARIATION IN THE QUALITY OF ENUMERATIONS
More informed users of census data on Aboriginal populations sometimes raise the issue of data quality as an explanation to the observed spectacular growth patterns. Every census, a certain number of individuals are missed (undercoverage), while others are counted by mistake or more than once (overcoverage). The difference between these two quantities is called net undercoverage. If the net undercoverage rate varies, the growth measure derived from the comparison of a populations size in two successive censuses is distorted: deterioration in quality of coverage results in an under-estimate of growth, while an improvement in quality results in an over-estimate of growth. If the quality of coverage is constant, we then have a "true" measure of relative growth. Although there is very little information about the undercoverage of Aboriginal populations in Canadian cities, available information points to a relative stability in the quality of enumeration between 1996 and 2006 (Statistics Canada 2005, 1989; Norris et al, 1995). It can therefore be said that the demographic explosion of Aboriginal populations in Canadian cities is not purely a statistical artefact. Clearly, the observed growth of Aboriginal populations is not limited to fertility, mortality, and migration, and is not simply the result of coverage errors. So what is the cause of such extraordinary growth?
ETHNIC MOBILITY
In light of the information available, the extraordinary growth of the Canada's Aboriginal populations in Canadian cities between 1996 and 2006 can be attributed, in variable proportions depending on the period and the Aboriginal identity group, to a phenomenon known as ethnic mobility. Different terms are used in the literature to designate this phenomenon: ethnic switching, passing, changing identities and changes in self- reporting of ethnic identity. There are two types of ethnic mobility: intergenerational and intragenerational (Robitaille and Choinière 1987).
Intergenerational ethnic mobility, which occurs within families, may happen when a child's ethnocultural affiliation is reported for the first time. Parents and children do not necessarily have the same affiliation, especially when the parents do not belong to the same ethnocultural group, i.e. when parents have intermarried. Intergenerational ethnic mobility has long been a component of the demographic growth of Aboriginal groups in Canada. The Métis, the second largest Aboriginal group, are a "product" of this type of ethnic mobility. Historical, geopolitical, commercial and cultural circumstances related to colonization of Western Canada led to the genesis of this Aboriginal cultural group, originally uniting descendents of North American Indian women and French men.
Contrary to popular belief, intermarriage and "interparenting" offer a great potential for demographic growth: a group of persons exhibiting a high rate of intermarriage has a higher potential for rapid population growth than a group with little or no intermarriage (Big Eagle and Guimond, in print; Robitaille and Guimond 2003). For Aboriginal groups in Canada, the realization of this potential rests with the members of these groups currently in mixed couples: how do they identify themselves and their children?
The analysis of 2001 census data on the cultural identity of children under the age of five reveals the importance of intermarriage and intergenerational ethnic mobility for Aboriginal groups in two respects. First, children of Aboriginal identity in Canadian cities are mainly from exogamous unions (i.e., only one parent belonging to the group) while less than a third are from endogamous unions (i.e., both parents belonging to the group). Secondly, about one Métis child in eight (13%) is from a union where no parent has Métis identity ("unaffiliated" union), and a majority (57%; not shown on graph) of these Métis children originate from an Indian/non-Aboriginal union. These observations provide ample evidence that intermarriage and intergenerational ethnic mobility are an integral component of the population growth of Aboriginal groups in Canada. These observations also reveal that the demographic dynamics which contributed to the ethnogenesis of the Métis in Canada during the 19th centuryare still at play at the start of the 21st century. The Métis population continues to benefit considerably from intergenerational ethnic mobility.
Intragenerational ethnic mobility results from a change in the ethnic affiliation of a person over time. This type of ethnic mobility has been identified as the primary source of the exceptional growth of Aboriginal populations. Estimates produced for the 1986-2001 period show that nearly 42 000 Indians living off-reserve in 2001 did not self-report as Indian in 1986, or one off-reserve Indian in eight (13%), and over 101 000 Métis in 2001 did not report as Métis in 1986, which amounts to four Métis in ten enumerated in 2001 (Guimond 2009). Moreover, analysis reveals that over 90% of ethnic transfers estimated nationally for the 1986-2001 period took place in urban areas. Preliminary analysis of the 2006 Census data indicate that intragenerational ethnic mobility is still the primary component of growth for the Métis population, especially in cities (Guimond and Robitaille 2008). The phenomenon of intragenerational ethnic mobility was also documented among Aboriginal populations in the United States (Passel, 1996) and Australia (Ross, 1996).
IMPLICATIONS FOR WELL-BEING ANALYSIS
That ethnic mobility is such an important component of the demographic growth of Aboriginal groups in urban settings requires us to consider the implications for analysis of socioeconomic trends. High rates of change in ethnic affiliation can affect not only the size of a population but also its composition, particularly if the socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., educational attainment, employment earnings, family size) of the pool of ethnic drifters are markedly different from those of the base population. As such, trends with respect to socio-demographic characteristics of urban Aboriginal people, and particularly of Métis, need to be interpreted with caution and with awareness of the potential impact of ethnic mobility on these trends (Guimond, 2009, 2003).

CONCLUSION
The Aboriginal population is growing substantially faster than the non- Ab original population, especially in Canadian cities. Ethnic mobility is the primary component of the urban Aboriginal population explosion between 1996 and 2006, in particular among the Métis population. The misinterpretation of trends towards urbanization of Aboriginal populations could result in: (a) over-emphasis on migration from Indian reserve to cities; (b) a policy-shift away from First Nations and Inuit communities.
Though there is no definitive explanation for ethnic mobility among Aboriginal populations in Canada, three types of factors may be considered. First, there are predisposing demographic factors. In Canada's large urban centres, people of various ethnocultural backgrounds meet, form couples and have children. Given their mixed ethnocultural origins, once they are adults, those children may "choose" their ethnic affiliation, and such a choice may vary depending on the circumstances. In a nutshell, mixed origins most likely facilitate intragenerational ethnic mobility.
Social factors could also foster intragenerational ethnic mobility toward Aboriginal populations. Different sociopolitical events - spontaneous like the Oka crisis in the summer of 1990 or organized like the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples from 1991 to 1996 - as well as their media coverage raised public awareness and contributed to restoring Aboriginal peoples pride. Increased public attention and an improved overall perception Aboriginal people have of themselves could therefore have induced some people to report as Aboriginal.
Finally, political and legal decisions could also further foster ethnic mobility toward Aboriginal populations, especially if such decisions have spin-offs considered to be favourable. For example, the 1985 amendments to the Indian Act had a considerable demographic impact on the size and growth of the Registered Indian population: as of December 31, 2005, 115,551 people had acquired (or reacquired) Indian status under the 1985 amendments.
The potential impact of ethnic mobility on the sociodemographic composition of urban Aboriginal populations was noted, although it is worth mentioning that measuring this impact is exceedingly difficult. More analysis is needed to improve our understanding of both the phenomenon of ethnic mobility and its consequences.
[Sidebar]
A THEORETICAL MAXIMUM FOR NATURAL INCREASE
Theoretically, the maximum rate of natural increase is 5.5% per year. It is obtained from the highest birth rate (60 per 1,000 persons) observable in exceptional conditions -a young population, marrying young and practising no form of contraception- from which is subtracted the lowest death rate (5 per 1,000) persons observed at the time of this analysis. Such a combination of high fertility and low mortality has probably never been observed. Today, the highest national rates of natural increase in the world are at about 3.5% per year. A population maintaining a growth rate of 5.5% per year doubles every 13 years. After a hundred years, that population would be more than 200 times larger than at the outset. A growth rate in excess of 5.5% cannot be explained by natural increase alone: phenomena other than births and deaths are contributing to the increase (Guimond, 1999).

"High rates of change in ethnic affiliation can affect not only the size of a population but also its composition, particularly if the socio-demographic characteristics (e.g., educational attainment, employment earnings, family size) of the pool of ethnic drifters are markedly different from those of the base population."

CANADIAN ABORIGINAL POPULATION... in numbers
Demographic Growth
In 2006, 1.17 million people in Canada identified themselves as Aboriginal representing 3.8% of the Canadian population.
The Aboriginal population is growing rapidly. Overall, it increased by 46.7% between 1996 and 2006 compared to 8.4% for the non-Aboriginal population.
The Aboriginal population is much younger than the non- Aboriginal population (Figure 2). Amongst the Aboriginal population 47.8% of individuals are the under age of 25, compared to less than 30.7% for the rest of the Canadian population. The Inuit population is the youngest of all Aboriginal groups.
The Aboriginal population is currently growing almost twice as fast as the Canadian population at an average of 1.8% per annum compared to 1.0% for the Canadian population. Population projections suggest this trend is expected well into the future. (Aboriginal Population, Household and Family Projections, INAC and CMHQ 2007).
There is great variation in growth rates among Aboriginal groups. Fertility, migration and changes to the Indian Act in 1985 (Bill C-31) can explain some of the growth in the Aboriginal population. However, a significant portion of the population growth is attributable to "ethnic mobility" a term used to define changes in self-reporting of cultural affiliation over time and over generations. (Guimond 2009), L'explosion démographique des populations autochtones du Canada de 1986 à 2001)
Jeanette Steffler has been working for Indian and Northern Affairs Canada for fifteen years as a specialist in Aboriginal socioeconomic and demographic analysis and research. She holds a Bachelor of Science specializing in Mathematics and Economics from the University of Alberta and a Master of Arts in Economics from the University of Western Ontario. She is currently a Strategic Research Manager in the Socio-economic and Demographic Statistics Section of INAC. /Andrea Street is an analyst in the SocioEconomic and Demographic Statistics Section of INAC. She holds a Bachelor's degree in Economics from the University of Waterloo and is currently working towards her Masters degree at Carleton University.
[Footnote]

NOTES
1 Includes all Census Metropolitan Areas (CMA), as defined by Statistics Canada, but excluding Indian reserves.
2 Since the 1996 census, Aboriginal identity refers to those persons who reported identifying with at least one Aboriginal group, i.e. North American Indian, Métis or Inuit (Eskimo), and/or those who reported being a Treaty Indian or a Registered Indian as defined by the Indian Act of Canada and/or who were members of an Indian Band or First Nation. See Statistics Canada (2008).

REFERENCES
Big Eagle, C. and E. Guimond (in print). "Contributions That Count: First Nations Women and Demography", in Restoring the Balance: First Nations Women, Community and Culture, G. Valaskakis, M. Dion Stout and E. Guimond, editors, Winnipeg, University of Manitoba Press.

Clatworthy, S. and MJ. Norris (2003). Aboriginal Mobility and Migration: Recent Patterns and Implications. Ottawa, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Strategic Research and Analysis Directorate, 29 pages.

Guimond, E. (2009). L'explosion démographique des populations autochtones du Canada de 1986 à 2001, Université de Montréal, Département de démographie, Ph.D. thesis, 209 pages.

Guimond, E. (2008). Remarks before the Standing Committee on Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development, Meeting No. 34, 39th Parliament, 16 June 2008.

Guimond, E. (2003). "Changing Ethnicity: The Concept of Ethnic Drifters," in Aboriginal Conditions: Research as a Foundation for Public Policy, J. White, P. Maxim and D. Beavon (eds.), UBC Press, pp.91- 107.

Guimond, E. (1999). "Ethnic Mobility and the Demographic Growth of Canada's Aboriginal Populations from 1986 to 1996," in Report on the Demographic Situation in Canada, 1998-1999, directed by A. Bélanger, Statistics Canada, Ottawa: Industry Canada, Catalogue No. 91-209-XPE, pp. 187-200.

Guimond, E. and N. Robitaille (2008). Aboriginal Populations in Canadian Cities: What's Behind the Spectacular Growth? Paper presented at the Strength in Number Series, co-organized by Statistics Canada and Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Vancouver.

Norris, M. J., D. Kerr and E Nault (1995). Projections of the Population with Aboriginal Identity in Canada, 1991-2016. Ottawa, Statistics Canada, Demography division, prepared for the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, 101 p.

Passel, J.S. (1996). "The Growing American Indian Population, 1960-1990: Beyond Demography," in Changing Numbers, Changing Needs: American Indian Demography and Public Health, GD. Sandefur, R.R. Rindfuss and B. Cohen (eds.), National Academy Press, Washington, pp.79-102.

Robitaille, N. and R. Choinière (1987). "L'accroissement démographique des groupes autochtones du Canada au XXe siècle," Cahiers québécois de démographie, 16(1): 3-35.

Robitaille, N., A. Boucher and E. Guimond (2005). Mobilité ethnique intergénérationnelle chez les populations autochtones du Canada 1996-2001, paper presented at the 25* conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP), Tours, France.

Robitaille, N., and E. Guimond (2003). "La reproduction des populations autochtones du Canada : exogamie, fécondité et mobilité ethnique", Cahiers québécois de démographie, 32, 2: 295-314.

Ross, K. (1996). Population Issues, Indigenous Australians, Australian Bureau of Statistics, 4708.0 - Occasional Paper, 88 pages.

Siggner, A.J. (1 977). Preliminary Results from a Study of 1966-1971 Migration Patterns Among Status Indians in Canada. Ottawa, Demography Section, Program Statistics Division, Indian and Eskimo Affairs Program, 25 pages.

Statistics Canada (2008). 2006 Census Dictionary, Canada, Ottawa, Department of Industry, Catalogue No. 92-566-XWE, http://wwwl2.statcan.ca/english/census06/ reference/dictionary/indexxfm.

Statistics Canada (2005). Coverage. 2001 Census 'Technical Report, Canada, Department of Industry, Catalogue No. 92-394-XIE, 85 pages.

Statistics Canada (2003). 2001 Census Dictionary, Canada, Ottawa, Department of Industry, Catalogue No. 92-378-XIE, 413 pages.

Statistics Canada (1989). 1986 Census of Canada. Ethnicity, immigration and citizenship. Ottawa, catalogue 93-109, 442 p.

Thursday, March 19, 2009

New Additions MARCH 2009

List of new additions in CSL

Introduction to basic cardiac dysrhythmias
Brazen femme:queering feminity/Chole Brushwood Rose, ed
The challenge of childern's right for Canada/Katherine Covell
Transcultural reinventions: Asian American and Asian Canadian short story/Davis, Rocio G
The substance of forgetting/Gunnars, Kritjana
Identity & belonging: rethinking race and ethnicity in Canadian society/Hier, Sean P
Exploring gender in Canada: A multidimensional approach/ Beverly mathews & Lori Beaman
Mobilizations & Engagements: Canadian Perspectives on Social Movements/ edited by Marie Hammond-Callaghan
Exploring Gender in Canada: a multidimensional approach/Mathews, Beverly
Canadian Cultural exchange: translation and transculturation /Norman, ed.
The age of Confession: the Antonine Maillet-Northrop Frye lecture= L'age de/ Bissoondath, Neil
How the Italians created Canada: from Giovani Caboto to the cultural Renaissance/ Josie Di Sciascio-Andrews
Canadian exploration literature/ Germaine, Warkentin
Aboriginal Policy research: moving forward, making a diffrence/Jerry P. WhiteCanadian Social Policy: issues and perspectives / Westhues, Anne
Beginings: stories of Canada's past/edited by Ann Walsh
Making a difference: Canadian multicultural literatures in English/ Kamboureli, Samro
How should I read These:Native women writers in Canada /Hoy, Helen
The truth About Stories/King, Thomas
Margaret Laurence: a gift of grace=a spritual biography/ Noelle, Boughton
The texture of identity: the fiction of MG Vassanji, Neil Bissoondath, and Rohinton Mistry/ Genetsch,Martin
Putting Canadians at risk: how the federal government's deregulation agenda threatens health and environmental standards / Marc Lee & Bruce Campbell
Walsh: a Play by Sharon Pollock
Rose/ Tomson Highway
Peace shall destroy many/ Ruby Wiebe

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